The Swamp Francolin is a globally threatened species whose historical range once spanned from Pakistan to Bangladesh. Today, it is restricted to the fragmented terai grasslands of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. In Nepal, the population is estimated at fewer than 500 birds and continues to decline due to the rapid destruction of grassland habitats. While the species has been extirpated from former strongholds like Chitwan and Bardia, Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR) has emerged as the most critical site for its survival, hosting a significant and surprisingly resilient population despite high levels of human disturbance.
However, the species faces mounting survival challenges within these protected areas. The reserve is under intense pressure from livestock grazing, land conversion for agriculture, and various resource extraction activities. A particularly severe threat is the rapid expansion of the invasive weed Mikania micrantha, which smothers native vegetation and degrades the francolin’s primary habitat. Conservation groups, including the WPA and BirdLife International, have labeled the species a global priority, leading to specialized recovery plans and population surveys to determine the best management practices.
Environmental disasters have further complicated conservation efforts. A catastrophic flood in August 2008 destroyed a significant portion of the eastern embankment at Koshi Tappu, which served as the species' premier habitat. Because Swamp Francolins are highly territorial, many were likely swept away by the currents. In response, a new study supported by the WPA and OBC was launched to quantify these losses. This current research aims to assess the post-flood population status, analyze habitat use, identify emerging threats, and provide urgent management recommendations to ensure the species' long-term persistence.
Study Period: 2009
Principal Investigator: Dr. Bhagawan Raj Dahal